Page 87 - Srednje skole - radovi

UTICAJ PSIHOAKTIVNIH SUPSTANCI NA NEUROHEMIJSKO FUNKCIONISANJE
CENTRALNOG NERVNOG SISTEMA

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON NEUROCHEMICAL
FUNCTIONING OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Autor: SNEŽANA SANTRAČ, učenica III1 razreda "Četvrte gimnazije", Beograd, Mentor: Prof. LJILJANA MILANOVID,
Profesor biologije "Četvrte gimnazije", Beograd

REZIME

Autor na jedan savremen način obrađuje biološke dimenzije zadovoljstva i zavisnosti od PAS. Cilj rada je da se ukaže na osnovna
farmakodinamična i neurotoksična delovanja najznačajnijih predstavnika droga i pokaže kako zavisnost od PAS ima jasne
biološke i hemijske uzroke. Pregledno i sistematično, autor izlaže neurotransmiterski i receptorski sistem, poremedaje na nivou
receptora i mehanizam dejstva PAS. Posebna pažnja posvedena je neurotransmiterima (aminokiseline, monoamini i
neuropeptidi). Istaknut je značaj enkefalina i endorfina. Neuroni koji poseduju visoke koncentracije enkefalina imaju visok nivo
opijatskih receptora. Endorfini utiču na sekreciju hormona iz prednjeg režnja hipofize. Alfa i gama endorfini izazivaju
psihostimulativne efekte, a beta endorfini-antidepresivne i analgetske. Endorfini regulišu doživljaj zadovoljstva. Opisana su
farmakodinamička i neurotoksična delovanja tri grupe PAS (depresora CNS, psihostimulansa i halucinogena). Posebno je
studiozno prikazano kako se PAS uklapaju u mehanizme neurobioloških sistema i izazivaju disfunkcionalno stanje, jer se
veštačkim putem umedu u prirodne mehanizme i remete prirodne puteve uspostavljanja homeostaze. U zaključku autor daje da
droge iz opijatskog kruga unesene spoljnim putem, značajno snižavaju nivo prirodnih neuropeptida i zauzimaju njihovo mesto na
opioidnim receptorima na postsinaptičkoj membrani. U stvaranju potrebe za menjanjem stanja svesti i raspoloženja veštačkim
putem uz pomod PAS, postoje dispozicioni faktori čije ishodište leži na nivou nervne delije i subcelularnih struktura. Ako je
neurobiohemijski sistem genetski ili na drugi način ošteden, adaptacioni mehanizmi se uključuju rano, još dok traje proces
morfološkog i funkcionalnog sazrevanja. Na tako disfunkcionalnom terenu, uz sve adaptacione mehanizme koji se uključuju,
uzimanje PAS veoma komplikuje složeno neurohemijsko funkcionisanje, sa posledičnim poremedajima na nivou afektiviteta i
drugih mentalnih aktivnosti. Primarni i sekundarni faktori ovih poremedaja su u feed back odnosu, tj. svaki kraj je istovremeno i
početak nekog poremedaja.

Ključne reči: Neurotransmiteri, receptori, farmakodinamika PAS, neurotoksičnost PAS.
ABSTRACT

The author in a modern way shows the biological dimensions of satissfaction and PAS addiction. The aim of this paper is to point
out basic pharmacodynamic and neurotoxic effects of the most significant drug representatives and show how the PAS
addiction has clear biological and chemical causes. Clearly and systematically, the author shows the neurotransmitter and
receivers system, the disorders at the receivers’ level and the mechanism of the PAS activity. The special attention is payed to
neurotransmitters (aminoacides, monoamines and peptides). The significance of the enkefaline and endorphin is pointed out.
The neurons, which hold high concentrations of encefaline, have high level of opiate receivers. The endorphins affect hormone
secretion from the frontal lobe of the hypophysis. Alpha and gama endorphins cause psychostimulating effects, and beta
endorphins – antidepressive and analgetical effects. Endorphins regulate the sensation of satissfaction. The pharmacodynamical
and neurotoxical effects of the three PAS groups (the CNS depressors, psychostimulans and hallucinogens) are described. Also,it
is very studiously presented how the PAS fit in mechanisms of neurobiological systems and cause disfunctional state, artificially
inserting the natural mechanisms and disturbing natural ways of establishing homeostasis. In summary, the author points out
that the “external” opiates, notably decrease the level of the natural peptides and occupy their place in the opiat receivers on
postsynaptic membrane. In creating the nessesity for changing states of conciousness and moods, artificially, with the PAS,
there are factors of disposition whose point of departure lies at the level of neurons cell and subcelular structures. If the
neurobiochemical system is damaged genetically or in any other way, the adaptional mechanisms are started earlier, while the
process of morphological and functional maturation still lasts. On such disfunctional field, with all activated adaptional
mechanisms, taking PAS complicates complex neurochemical functioning, which has for the result the emotional and other
mental activity disorders. Primary and secondary factors of these disorders are in feed back relation, i.e. every end is in the
same time the beginning of a disorder.

Key words: neurotransmitters, receivers, PAS pharmacodynamics, PAS neurotoxicity.